有不少人閱讀速度是比較慢的,造成這問題的原因很多,如果不是生理或認知機能因素限制的話,比較可能的原因或許是沒興趣(就是不愛看書)、背景知識不足,或是閱讀技巧不佳所致。
不愛讀書的原因很多,其中一個大癥結是沒有成就感,或不知為什麼老師要我讀這本書?而沒有成就感,又常與考試成績不佳、看不懂有關。
「如何激發讀書興趣?」是一個頗複雜的問題,這個單元僅能就「改進閱讀技巧」加以探討,方法對了,開始有成就感了,往往是解決問題的開始。
當我們開始讀取一筆資料時,例如電子報、雜誌期刊的文章、課本中的一個篇章、一本書、廣告單等,不應該逐字逐句從第一個段落讀到最後段落,而應該先進行「略讀」(skim),邊問邊查這一筆資料的主張(Claim)、結論(Conclusion)、論點(Argument)、證據(Evidence)是什麼?(參考本書〈萬丈高樓平地起:主張、論點和證據〉一文):
- 找C:這份資料在處理其主題(題目)時,所抱持的「主張」是什麼?(通常在開頭就會提出主張,可能是一個主題句〔topic sentence〕,但有時會以問句的形式出現。)
2. 找另一個C:「結論」是什麼?結論和主張是一貫的吧?(結論通常放在最後的段落,
如果結論和主張有矛盾,或關聯不大,這筆資料就有問題了。)
3. 找A:支持結論的「主要論點」是什麼?(如果找不到論點,這筆資料就沒什麼價值
了。)
4. 找E:有哪些「證據」可以支持呢?(不過,未必所有的資料都會呈現證據。)
帶著問題快速找答案
「略讀」的訣竅,就是「帶著問題」(是什麼?),「快速地」查找「答案」(主張、結論、論點、證據),有了這一些「答案」,應該就能了解這筆資料的「架構」、「大意」了。(圖13)
如果幸運的話,有些資料會細心地善用信號字,例如:「首先」、「換句話說」、「因為⋯⋯,所以」、「與其⋯⋯,不如」、「然而」、「而且」、「總之」等,讀起來就很容易掌握前後內容之間的關係。
此外,通常一筆資料的論點大約三個左右,有些資料甚至明確地將論點加上了小標題,自成一個清楚的段落,讀起來就更順利了。
假設某一筆資料萬一洋洋灑灑羅列了十個論點,有經驗的略讀者應會設法將論點整併,自行歸納成三個,最多五個,比較好記住。
在略讀階段,通常就是依循著小標題、信號字,以及經常多次出現在「主張」、「論點」的「關鍵字」等線索,優先抓住資料的「架構」、「大意」即可,凡是涉及細節的,先跳過,看到生難字詞的,也先跳過。除非這個生難字詞出現好幾次,嚴重卡關,那應該是「關鍵字」了,就只好暫停下來上網搜尋資訊,或翻查辭典,一次搞定它!
如果略讀時間不是很夠了,甚至連「證據」也可以先跳過不看。總之,略讀就是精簡訊息,只抓最關鍵的,閱讀速度才能快得起來。
有沒有發現呢?其實,「略讀」優先要掌握的訊息,和「摘要」應擷取的訊息,大致上是相當接近的。
略讀完成,至少大約可以掌握40%的內容。看到40%,不要害怕或懷疑,只要能清楚說出「架構」、「大意」相關的核心訊息,就可算是初步讀懂了這一筆資料,在大部分的情況下,這已經夠用了。
想了解更多相關資訊嗎?
分享 迎戰108課綱最權威攻略《高層次閱讀與思考》

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